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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to learner-internal influences CLKs' awareness of the need to be pragmatic and the social ties they could draw on were significant. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as an important factor in their pragmatic choice to not criticize a strict professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all locally published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core practical issues, including:
Discourse Construction Tests
The Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has some disadvantages. For instance it is that the DCT cannot account for cultural and individual differences in communicative behavior. Additionally, the DCT is prone to bias and could cause overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before being used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps can be a strength. This characteristic can be utilized to study the effect of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics DCT is among the most useful tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to examine a variety of issues such as politeness, turn-taking, and lexical selection. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners in their speech.
A recent study employed the DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from, and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The researchers found the DCT to be more effective than other methods for refusing like a questionnaire or video recordings. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data.
DCTs are often designed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of test designers. They may not be precise, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually resist requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires further research on different methods to assess the ability to refuse.
A recent study examined DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email versus those gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT was more direct and conventionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than the email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study looked at Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when using Korean. It employed various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with intermediate or higher ability who responded to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked for reflections on their assessments and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and their choices were influenced by four major factors that included their identities, their multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relationship benefits. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' choices in terms of their pragmatics. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine if they reflected pragmatic resistance or 프라그마틱 슬롯 (Yanyiku.cn) not. In addition, the interviewees were asked to explain their choice of pragmatic behavior in a given scenario.
The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an insufficient understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs would prefer to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms while in Situation 14, they favored converging to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days of the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, 프라그마틱 정품 확인법 and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding was an iterative process in which the coders discussed and read each transcript. The results of coding were contrasted with the original RI transcripts, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 giving an indication of how the RIs accurately portrayed the core behavior.
Interviews for refusal
The most important question in pragmatic research is: Why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question by employing a range of experimental instruments, including DCTs, MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or their L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were required to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that closely resembled native speakers. They were also aware of their pragmatic resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal aspects such as their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing lives. They also referred to external factors, like relationship affordances. They described, for example how their interactions with their professors helped them to perform better in terms of the cultural and linguistic expectations of their university.
The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or consequences they might face when their social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their local friends might consider them "foreigners" and believe they are not intelligent. This concern was similar in nature to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native speakers pragmatic norms aren't the default preference for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should consider reassessing the usefulness of these tests in different contexts and in particular situations. This will allow them to better understand the impact of different cultures on the classroom behavior and interactions of L2 students. Furthermore, this will help educators create more effective methods for teaching and testing the korea's pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on deep, participatory investigations to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes numerous sources of data to back up the findings, such as interviews and 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 observations, documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is useful when analyzing complicated or unique subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will help determine what aspects of the subject matter are crucial to study and which are best left out. It is also helpful to read the research to gain a broad knowledge of the subject and place the situation within a larger theoretical framework.
This study was based on an open-source platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] and its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that L2 Korean students were particularly susceptible to native models. They were more likely to select incorrect answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from the correct pragmatic inference. They also exhibited a strong tendency to add their own text or "garbage," to their responses, which further hampered their response quality.
Furthermore, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at their third or second year of university, and were aiming to reach level 6 on their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC and understanding and pragmatic awareness.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios which involved interactions with their counterparts and asked to choose one of the strategies below to employ when making an offer. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. The majority of participants attributed their lack of a pragmatic response to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and therefore was reluctant to inquire about her interactant's well-being with the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would ask.