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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people actually mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. However,  [https://greatbookmarking.com/story18332711/this-is-how-pragmatic-recommendations-will-look-like-in-10-years 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] 불법 ([https://webookmarks.com/story3719865/what-not-to-do-within-the-pragmatic-genuine-industry Webookmarks.Com]) it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways that an utterance can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and 슬롯 ([https://bookmarkingalpha.com/story18299783/14-clever-ways-to-spend-leftover-pragmatic-free-budget bookmarkingalpha.Com]) of itself because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, [https://nimmansocial.com/story8012428/where-is-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-1-year-from-now 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for  [http://antikvar-shop.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance,  [http://www.tjpress.com/m2o/link.php?app=https&params=pragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It studies the ways that an phrase can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fuelled many of the debates. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and [http://tracking.webtradecenter.com/d_tracking.ashx?dt_a=WAI_V3&dt_t=107&dt_l=en-US&dt_url=https://pragmatickr.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] [[https://shorter.me/PragmaticKR793855 Shorter.me]] a free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, [http://demopgs.com/knowledgeaward/beta/language/ar/?redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] speaker intentions and beliefs, [http://www.unitedmarketxpert.com/IT/ViewSwitcher/SwitchView?mobile=False&returnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fpragmatickr.com%2F 프라그마틱 무료슬롯] as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified parses of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 14:47, 7 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a research area the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, but it also has an impact on research in other fields like psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.

There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지 pragmatics differs depending on which database is used. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It studies the ways that an phrase can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it examines how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fuelled many of the debates. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 [Shorter.me] a free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 speaker intentions and beliefs, 프라그마틱 무료슬롯 as well as the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical characteristics as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is just one of the many ways in which the expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified parses of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.