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(Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how language users interact and communicate with one other. It...")
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and context. It addresses questions like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how language users interact and communicate with one other. It is typically thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notion of intention and 무료 [https://siambookmark.com/story18327843/15-gifts-for-the-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-lover-in-your-life 프라그마틱 사이트] ([https://yesbookmarks.com/story18395109/this-week-s-top-stories-about-pragmatic-korea-pragmatic-korea Https://Yesbookmarks.Com/]) the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which one utterance can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine whether words are meant to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or  [https://bookmarklogin.com/story18403954/solutions-to-the-problems-of-pragmatic-product-authentication 슬롯] a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled the debate. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered an academic discipline because it examines how social and cultural influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers by Recanati and  [https://companyspage.com/story3603718/what-experts-in-the-field-of-pragmatic-free-slots-want-you-to-be-able-to 프라그마틱 데모] Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines the way humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, [https://pragmatic-kr64208.sharebyblog.com/30350597/are-you-tired-of-pragmatic-authenticity-verification-10-sources-of-inspiration-that-ll-bring-back-your-passion 프라그마틱 추천] such as Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatic approaches have been combined with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure that is used in the utterance and  [https://growthbookmarks.com/story18233022/do-you-know-how-to-explain-pragmatic-image-to-your-mom 프라그마틱 무료스핀] more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, such as semantics, syntax and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear, and that they are the same.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which the expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This method is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate both approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people actually mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. However, [https://greatbookmarking.com/story18332711/this-is-how-pragmatic-recommendations-will-look-like-in-10-years 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] 불법 ([https://webookmarks.com/story3719865/what-not-to-do-within-the-pragmatic-genuine-industry Webookmarks.Com]) it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways that an utterance can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and 슬롯 ([https://bookmarkingalpha.com/story18299783/14-clever-ways-to-spend-leftover-pragmatic-free-budget bookmarkingalpha.Com]) of itself because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, [https://nimmansocial.com/story8012428/where-is-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-1-year-from-now 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 00:42, 7 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people actually mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

Research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of the theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their rank differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics based on their number of publications alone. However, 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 불법 (Webookmarks.Com) it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways that an utterance can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and 슬롯 (bookmarkingalpha.Com) of itself because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered as an independent discipline since it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They claim that semantics already determines some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in this field. Some of the main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated through language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.